European-Chinese Imperial Maps and Gazetteers Related to the Qazaq Khanate and Its Adjacent Regions from the 16th to the 19th Centuries

Nurlan Kenzheakhmet

    Deutsche Ostasienstudien 44
    OSTASIEN Verlag
    Paperback (17,6 x 25,0 cm), xv + 425 pages.
    2023. € 59,80 [€ 5,00 is added for a CD-ROM with a PDF of the book and high-resolution graphics of the maps]
    ISBN-13: 978-3-946114-85-7 (978-3946114857, 9783946114857) ISBN-10: 3-946114-85-7 (3946114857)
    Vertrieb: CHINA Buchservice / Order

This monograph highlights the most important stages in the history of Western and Chinese cartography of the Kazakh (Qazaq) Khanate. Its purpose is to reassess the European, Russian and Chinese maps from the 16th to 19th centuries showing the Kazakh Khanate, by using archival and historical, etymological, comparative, and linguistic methods to examine the geographical representations of Central Asia produced by Western and Chinese geographers. Specifically, this project examines the place names of Central Asia (including Western Siberia) and the Kazakh Steppe in Qing maps, in imperial gazetteers, and in maps produced in Europe and Russia.

Historical maps provide rich knowledge resources that graphically encode information about the state of some part of the real world at a given point in time. Different place names associated a region with different phases of its history and with the different languages spoken there during those phases. Toponymic information is very important for determining changes of regional objects in different phases of history. Toponyms thus represent enduring linguistic facts that are of great historical and political importance. Aiming to assimilate the toponyms of the newly conquered territories, Russian traders and soldiers who settled in different parts of Kazakhstan at the beginning of the 16th century, and later the Russian authorities, changed previously Turkic place names in various ways. During their advancing west, the Jungars encountered various groups in Central Asia.

Many of the local place names in official use since Jungar times have been changed to new toponyms. Most of the early Qing maps were created for military and administrative purposes. They have been preserved in local archives, regional libraries, the National Central Library and the First Historical Archives of China. To date, many of these are unpublished. By focusing on maps and texts relatively unknown to scholars who are not specialized in the history of cartography, this research will make a material and theoretical contribution to Central Asian studies, historical geography, and the study of colonialism.

Nurlan Kenzheakhmet was born in Xinjiang, China, to a Kazakh family. He received his PhD for works on history (Moscow, 2005) and archeology (Beijing, 2007). He is a research professor at the Eurasian Research Institute of Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkistan. From 2021 to 2023 he worked as a visiting scholar at the Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies and the Center for Geographic Analysis of Harvard University. He has authored many works on the archeology, history and historical geography of Central Asia, among them Eurasian Historical Geography as Reflected in Geographical Literature and in Maps from the Thirteenth to the Mid-Seventeenth Centuries, published 2021 by OSTASIEN Verlag.

Contents

Preface (by Kaveh L. Hemmat)

Acknowledgements

Notes on Transliteration and Source

1

Introduction

1.1

Purpose

1.2

Significance

2

Historical Maps, Documents and Historico-Geographical Literature of Central-Western Eurasia in the 15th to 17th Centuries

2.1

Mapping the Golden Horde: The European Maps and the Tartaria Imagination

2.2

The Kazakh Khanate as Documented in Turko-Persian-Chinese Sources in the 16th Century

2.3

The Toponymy of the Kazakh Steppe during the 18th Century

3

European Maps of the Kazakh Steppe and Central Asia

3.1

Various Names of the Kazakh Khanate and Central Asian Countries from the Mid-16th to the Mid-18th Century: The Terminology Used in European, Chinese, and Turkic Historical Map

3.1.1

Kosaky Orda, Cassakia or Cassaky

3.1.2

Kasaky Tartar

3.1.3

Independent Tartary

3.1.4

The Kirgis or Kirgis-Kaisak

3.1.5

The Özbek Countries on the European Map

3.1.6

The Turkmen

3.1.7

Qaraqalpaq (Karakalpak)

3.1.8

The Aral Realm

3.1.9

The Kalmuk (Kalmyk) Horde

3.1.10

The Nogay Horde

3.1.11

The Burut

3.1.12

Chalzag

3.1.13

Qara Qïtay (Karakitay)

3.1.14

Tartaria Deserta

3.1.15

The Naiman

3.2

The Kazakh Khanate and Central Asian Countries on Anthony Jenkinson’s Map

3.3

The Kazakh Khanate and Central Asian Cities on Matteo Ricci’s World Map 1602

4

Qing Imperial Maps of Eurasia

4.1

Introduction

4.1.1

The Atlases of Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong

4.1.2

Origin and Progres

4.2

Notices of the Qing-European Maps and Qing Intercourse with the Countries of Central Asia

4.2.1

The Three Major Eurasian Maps Produced by Witsen (1687), Ides (1704), and Ho­mann (1722) and Their Influence on the Atlases of Yongzheng and Qianlong

4.3

Central Asia in the Atlases of Yongzheng and Qianlong

4.3.1

The Oirats (Jungars) as Guides and Cartographer

4.3.2

The Torghut Khanate on the Qing Map

4.3.3

Noghay Horde on the Qing Map

4.3.4

Central Asia on Strahlenberg’s Map

4.3.5

The Buruts (Bulute) and Their Nukutes (Pasturelands)

4.4

The Kazakh Khanate on the Qing Map

4.4.1

The Three Kazakh Jüzs on the Qing-European Map

4.4.2

The Huang Qing zhi gong tu as the Source for the Kazakh

5

The Description of the Territory of the Kazakh Khanate in the 18th Century in Historical and Geographical Works of the Qing Dynasty

5.1

Xiyu tuzhi 西域圖志 (Illustrated Account of the Western Regions)

5.2

“Zuo-you Hasake bu tu” 左右哈薩克部圖 (Map of the Left and Right Kazakhs)

5.3

The Kazakh-Jungar Border in the First Half of the 18th Century

5.4

Kazakhs in the Tarbaghatay and Jetisu Regions in The Time of Ablai Khan

5.5

The Formation of the Qing-Kazakh Boundary Line in the Second Half of the 18th Century

5.5.1

Border Disputes between the Kazakhs and the Qing

5.5.2

Imaginary Border

5.5.3

The Qing-Kazakh Borderline in the Qianlong Atlas

5.5.4

Other Qing Accounts Relating to the Kazakh-Qing Border

5.6

The Kazakhs’ Western and Northern Border in the 17th to Mid-19th Centuries on European Map

5.6.1

The Northern Border according to the Kniga bol’shomu chertezhu

5.6.2

The Northern Border in the 18th Century

5.6.3

Bukey Horde (Bökey Ordasï)

5.6.4

Bordering the Alash Orda

6

Place Names of the Kazakh Khanate and Its Adjacent Region in the Atlases of Yongzheng and Qianlong

6.1

The Central Asian Part of the Yongzheng Atlas

6.1.1

Place Names of the Caspian Sea (Tenggis Omo) and the Aral Sea (Dari Gangga Omo)

6.1.2

Place Names of the Black Sea (Sahaliyan Mederi) and the Sea of Azov (Meedi Omo)

6.1.3

Place Names of the Issyk Kul (Tus kol)

6.1.4

Place Names of the Rivers and Lakes in the Kazakh Steppe

6.1.5

Place Names of the Jungar Principality

6.2

The Central Asian Part of the Qianlong Atlas

6.3

The Siberian Part of the Qianlong Atlas

6.4

Oikonyms of the Kazakh Steppe

Some Conclusions and Further Considerations

A Brief Summary of the History of the Kazakhs before the Qing Dynasty

The Boundaries of the Kazakh Territory in the Qing Dynasty

Appendix

A Chaghatay-Kazakh Document that Was Written by a Qing Official, the Special Commissioner of Khobdo Erkege, to Yüzmuhamed (Duzbembet) in 1883

Tab. 1

The Eleven Countries within the Area of Xiyu that Did not Send Tribute through Qumul

Tab. 2

Central Asian Countries on al-Idrīsī’s Map and on European Maps from the Late 17th Century

Tab. 3

Place Names and Legends of the Central Asian Part of Jenkinson’s Maps vs. Maps from European and Eastern Source

Tab. 4

Kunyu wanguo quantu vs. Kunyu quantu and Ptolomy’s Geography

Tab. 5

The Place Names and the Cities on Matteo Ricci’s World Map

Tab. 6

Central Asian Mongolian Place Names in the Seren gerel

Tab. 7

Tulišen vs. Yongzheng, Qianlong, Witsen and Gaubil

Tab. 8

Names of Settlements and Places in the Territory of the Kazakh Khanate in the Historico-Geographical Maps and Works of the Qing in the 18th Century

Tab. 9

The Qianlong Atlas (1766) vs. Pansner 1816, Levshin 1831, Klaproth 1836, Humboldt 1843–1844, Ge­neral’naya karta zapadnoy Sibiri s Kirgizskoy step’yu” (GK1848, GK 1862), and Bab­kov 1912

Tab. 10

Kazakh Place Names in the Kniga bol’shomu chertezhu

Tab. 11

Components of Manchu-Mongol-Turkic-Russian-French-Chinese Placenames According to Their Spelling in the Qianlong Atlas (1766)

Tab. 12

Kazakh Place/Tribe Names in a Collection of Letters of the Kazakh Ruling Elite

A.1

Place Names of Northern Eurasia (Russian Empire) in the Atlases of Yongzheng (1728) and Qianlong(1766) and on Witsen’s (1687), Ides’ (1704) and Ho­mann’s (1722) Map

A.2

Central Asian Place Names in the Yongzheng Atlas

A.3

Central Asian Place Names in the Qianlong Atlas

List of Figures

List of Table

Bibliography